SQL & Databases¶

SQL Language Fundamentals¶

select fundamentals - SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, LIMIT, CASE expressions, keyset pagination
aggregate functions group by - COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, GROUP BY, HAVING
joins and set operations - INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL, CROSS, self-JOIN, UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT
subqueries and ctes - scalar/correlated subqueries, EXISTS, CTEs, recursive CTEs
window functions - ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK, LAG, LEAD, running totals, frame specification
dml insert update delete - INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, TRUNCATE, UPSERT, batch operations

ddl schema management - CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP, constraints, foreign keys, ENUM
data types and nulls - MySQL/PostgreSQL data types, NULL three-valued logic, string/date/numeric functions
schema design normalization - 1NF-3NF, relationships (1:1, 1:M, M:M), denormalization, PK strategies

transactions and acid - ACID properties, isolation levels, read phenomena, pessimistic vs optimistic
concurrency and locking - PostgreSQL/MySQL lock types, deadlocks, advisory locks, two-phase locking
distributed transactions - 2PC, Saga pattern, double-booking prevention, hash tables

database storage internals - pages, heaps, row vs column store, TOAST, write amplification, SSD vs HDD
btree and index internals - B-Tree vs B+Tree, page splits, UUID impact, bloom filters, clustered indexes
index strategies - composite, covering, partial indexes, SARGable predicates, CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY

query optimization explain - EXPLAIN/ANALYZE, plan operators, cost model, monitoring extensions
database cursors - client-side vs server-side cursors, batch processing, when to use which

postgresql mvcc vacuum - MVCC, VACUUM, autovacuum, HOT updates, dead tuples, process architecture
postgresql configuration tuning - postgresql.conf, memory, WAL, planner params, pgbench, pg_hba.conf
postgresql wal durability - WAL internals, checkpoints, fsync, synchronous_commit, crash recovery
postgresql data loading - COPY, FDW (postgres_fdw, file_fdw, ogr_fdw), pgloader, bulk load optimization

mysql innodb engine - InnoDB internals, storage engines (MyISAM, MEMORY, Archive), LSM-Tree, RocksDB

connection pooling - PgBouncer, ProxySQL, pool sizing, pooling modes, application-level pools
replication fundamentals - streaming/logical replication, sync/async, monitoring, pg_rewind
postgresql ha patroni - Patroni, etcd, HAProxy, failover, switchover, K8s operators
backup and recovery - pg_dump, pg_basebackup, pg_probackup, WAL-G, PITR, data checksums

partitioning and sharding - horizontal/vertical partitioning, sharding, consistent hashing
distributed databases - Citus, CockroachDB, Greenplum, YugabyteDB, ClickHouse, OLTP vs OLAP
caching redis memcached - Redis, Memcached, cache patterns (aside, write-through, write-behind)

Database Security - SQL injection, TLS/SSL, encryption, roles, privileges, least privilege
postgresql docker kubernetes - Docker, StatefulSet, Helm, Zalando/Crunchy operators, GKE
infrastructure as code - Terraform, Ansible, cloud managed PostgreSQL, installation guides

advanced patterns - Advanced SQL patterns beyond basic CRUD - window functions for analytics, correlated subqueries