Testing with Pytest¶

pytest is the de facto standard Python testing framework - more concise and powerful than built-in unittest. It uses plain assert statements, fixtures for setup/teardown, and parametrize for data-driven tests.

Key Facts¶

Test files: test_*.py or *_test.py; test functions: test_*
Plain assert with descriptive failure messages (no self.assertEqual)
Fixtures provide reusable setup/teardown with dependency injection
conftest.py shares fixtures across test files (auto-discovered, no import needed)
Fixture scopes: function (default), class, module, session
pytest-cov for coverage reports; pytest-mock for mocking

Patterns¶

Basic Tests¶

def test_addition():
    assert add(2, 3) == 5

def test_raises():
    import pytest
    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
        parse_int("abc")

def test_approximate():
    assert 0.1 + 0.2 == pytest.approx(0.3)

Fixtures¶

import pytest

@pytest.fixture
def db_session():
    session = create_session()
    yield session       # test runs here
    session.close()     # cleanup after test

@pytest.fixture
def sample_user(db_session):  # fixtures can depend on other fixtures
    user = User(name="test", email="[email protected]")
    db_session.add(user)
    db_session.commit()
    return user

def test_user_exists(db_session, sample_user):
    result = db_session.query(User).filter_by(name="test").first()
    assert result.email == "[email protected]"

Fixture Scopes¶

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")   # once per entire test session
def app():
    return create_app(testing=True)

@pytest.fixture(scope="module")    # once per test file
def db():
    return setup_db()

conftest.py (Shared Fixtures)¶

# conftest.py - auto-discovered by pytest
@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def app():
    return create_app(testing=True)

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def client(app):
    return TestClient(app)

Parametrize¶

@pytest.mark.parametrize("input,expected", [
    ("hello", 5),
    ("", 0),
    ("hi", 2),
])
def test_string_length(input, expected):
    assert len(input) == expected

# Parameterize fixtures too
@pytest.fixture(params=["sqlite", "postgresql"])
def db_engine(request):
    return create_engine(request.param)

Testing FastAPI¶

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from httpx import AsyncClient

# Sync testing
client = TestClient(app)
response = client.get("/api/hotels")
assert response.status_code == 200

# Async testing
@pytest.fixture
async def async_client():
    async with AsyncClient(app=app, base_url="http://test") as ac:
        yield ac

@pytest.mark.anyio
async def test_endpoint(async_client):
    response = await async_client.get("/api/hotels")
    assert response.status_code == 200

Authenticated Test Client¶

@pytest.fixture
async def auth_client(async_client):
    await async_client.post("/auth/login", json={
        "email": "[email protected]", "password": "test"
    })
    return async_client  # cookie stored in client

Coverage¶

pip install pytest-cov
pytest --cov=mypackage --cov-report=html
# Generates htmlcov/ directory with visual report

unittest (Built-in)¶

import unittest

class TestMyCode(unittest.TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.data = create_test_data()

    def tearDown(self):
        cleanup()

    def test_addition(self):
        self.assertEqual(add(2, 3), 5)

    def test_raises(self):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            parse_int("abc")

    def test_parameterized(self):
        for num in [2, 4, 6]:
            with self.subTest(num=num):
                self.assertTrue(num % 2 == 0)

Testing Pyramid¶

Unit tests (most) - individual functions, fast, mock externals
Integration tests (middle) - component interaction, real/test DB
E2E tests (fewest) - full workflows, slowest, most brittle

Gotchas¶

Test both happy path and error cases
Don't test implementation details - test behavior
Mock external dependencies (APIs, email) for unit tests; use real deps for integration
pytest.fixture with yield ensures cleanup runs even if test fails
conftest.py at different directory levels provides different fixture scopes