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Kotlin Coroutines, Flow, and Async Patterns

Kotlin coroutines for async programming: suspend functions, dispatchers, scopes, structured concurrency, error handling, Flow for reactive streams, StateFlow, and Android integration.

Key Facts

  • Coroutines are lightweight (few hundred bytes vs ~1MB per thread) - millions possible
  • suspend functions can be paused/resumed without blocking the thread
  • viewModelScope auto-cancels when ViewModel is cleared; lifecycleScope follows Activity/Fragment lifecycle
  • Dispatchers.IO for network/DB, Dispatchers.Main for UI, Dispatchers.Default for CPU work
  • Structured concurrency: child coroutines inherit parent scope; parent cancellation cancels all children
  • SupervisorJob: one child failure does NOT cancel siblings
  • Flow = cold async stream; StateFlow = hot stream with current value (LiveData replacement)

Patterns

Suspend Functions and Builders

suspend fun fetchUser(id: Int): User {
    val response = api.getUser(id)  // suspends, doesn't block
    return response.body() ?: throw Exception("Not found")
}

// launch - fire and forget (returns Job)
viewModelScope.launch {
    val users = repository.getUsers()
    _users.value = users
}

// async - returns Deferred (await for result)
val deferred = viewModelScope.async { repository.getUsers() }
val users = deferred.await()

Dispatchers

Dispatcher Use Pool
Dispatchers.Main UI updates Main thread
Dispatchers.IO Network, DB, file I/O 64+ threads
Dispatchers.Default CPU-intensive (sorting, parsing) CPU core count 
viewModelScope.launch(Dispatchers.IO) {
    val data = repository.fetchFromNetwork()
    withContext(Dispatchers.Main) { textView.text = data }
}

Scopes

// ViewModel scope - cancelled when VM cleared
viewModelScope.launch { ... }

// Lifecycle scope - tied to Activity/Fragment
lifecycleScope.launch { ... }
lifecycleScope.launchWhenStarted { ... }  // pauses when stopped

// Custom scope
val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO + SupervisorJob())
scope.launch { ... }
scope.cancel()  // must cancel manually

Structured Concurrency (Parallel)

viewModelScope.launch {
    val users = async { api.getUsers() }
    val orders = async { api.getOrders() }
    // Both run in parallel, await both
    _data.value = CombinedData(users.await(), orders.await())
}

Error Handling

viewModelScope.launch {
    try {
        val result = repository.getData()
        _data.value = result
    } catch (e: HttpException) { _error.value = "Server: ${e.code()}" }
      catch (e: IOException) { _error.value = "Network error" }
}

// Global handler
val handler = CoroutineExceptionHandler { _, e -> _error.postValue(e.message) }
viewModelScope.launch(handler) { ... }

Flow (Cold Reactive Stream)

fun getUsers(): Flow<List<User>> = flow {
    while (true) {
        emit(api.getUsers())
        delay(30_000)  // refresh every 30s
    }
}

// Collecting
viewModelScope.launch {
    repository.getUsers()
        .catch { e -> _error.value = e.message }
        .collect { users -> _users.value = users }
}

StateFlow (Hot Stream, LiveData Replacement)

class MyViewModel : ViewModel() {
    private val _uiState = MutableStateFlow(UiState.Loading)
    val uiState: StateFlow<UiState> = _uiState.asStateFlow()

    fun loadData() {
        viewModelScope.launch {
            _uiState.value = UiState.Loading
            try { _uiState.value = UiState.Success(repository.getData()) }
            catch (e: Exception) { _uiState.value = UiState.Error(e.message) }
        }
    }
}

sealed class UiState {
    object Loading : UiState()
    data class Success(val data: List<User>) : UiState()
    data class Error(val message: String?) : UiState()
}

Flow Operators

flow
    .filter { it.isActive }
    .map { it.toUiModel() }
    .debounce(300)
    .distinctUntilChanged()
    .flatMapLatest { query -> searchApi(query) }
    .onStart { showLoading() }
    .onCompletion { hideLoading() }
    .catch { e -> showError(e) }
    .collect { result -> showResult(result) }

Gotchas

  • runBlocking blocks the current thread - NEVER use on Android main thread (only for tests/main)
  • GlobalScope.launch has no lifecycle awareness - coroutines leak if not cancelled manually
  • SupervisorJob only works if it's the parent of child coroutines - not if passed to launch
  • StateFlow requires initial value; SharedFlow does not
  • collect is a terminal suspending operation - code after collect won't run until flow completes

See Also