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Android Jetpack Compose

Android's modern declarative UI toolkit: composable functions, state management, layout composables, Modifier chains, lists with LazyColumn, navigation, and Material 3 theming.

Key Facts

  • Declarative: describe WHAT UI looks like, framework handles updates. No XML, no findViewById
  • @Composable annotation marks UI functions; UI recomposes when state changes
  • remember { mutableStateOf(value) } survives recompositions but NOT config changes
  • rememberSaveable { } survives config changes (serializes to Bundle)
  • State hoisting: move state UP to caller for reusability and testability
  • Modifier order matters: .padding().background() applies padding OUTSIDE background
  • LazyColumn = RecyclerView equivalent with efficient recycling

Patterns

Basic Composable

@Composable
fun Greeting(name: String) {
    Text(text = "Hello, $name!")
}

class MainActivity : ComponentActivity() {
    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContent { MyAppTheme { Greeting("Android") } }
    }
}

Layout Composables

// Column (vertical), Row (horizontal), Box (overlapping)
Column(
    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize().padding(16.dp),
    verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(8.dp)
) {
    Text("First")
    Text("Second")
}

Row(
    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth(),
    horizontalArrangement = Arrangement.SpaceBetween,
    verticalAlignment = Alignment.CenterVertically
) { Text("Left"); Text("Right") }

State Management

@Composable
fun Counter() {
    var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) }
    Column {
        Text("Count: $count")
        Button(onClick = { count++ }) { Text("Increment") }
    }
}

State Hoisting

// Stateless composable (preferred)
@Composable
fun Counter(count: Int, onIncrement: () -> Unit) {
    Column {
        Text("Count: $count")
        Button(onClick = onIncrement) { Text("+") }
    }
}

// Stateful parent
@Composable
fun CounterScreen() {
    var count by remember { mutableStateOf(0) }
    Counter(count = count, onIncrement = { count++ })
}

ViewModel Integration

@Composable
fun UserScreen(viewModel: UserViewModel = viewModel()) {
    val uiState by viewModel.uiState.collectAsState()
    when (uiState) {
        is UiState.Loading -> CircularProgressIndicator()
        is UiState.Success -> UserList(uiState.data)
        is UiState.Error -> ErrorMessage(uiState.message)
    }
}

LazyColumn (Efficient List)

LazyColumn(
    contentPadding = PaddingValues(16.dp),
    verticalArrangement = Arrangement.spacedBy(8.dp)
) {
    items(users, key = { it.id }) { user -> UserCard(user) }
}

// Grid
LazyVerticalGrid(columns = GridCells.Fixed(2)) {
    items(products) { ProductCard(it) }
}

Common Components

// Input
var text by remember { mutableStateOf("") }
OutlinedTextField(value = text, onValueChange = { text = it },
    label = { Text("Email") })

// Card
Card(modifier = Modifier.fillMaxWidth().padding(8.dp),
     elevation = CardDefaults.cardElevation(4.dp)) {
    Column(Modifier.padding(16.dp)) {
        Text(user.name, style = MaterialTheme.typography.titleMedium)
    }
}

// Image with Coil
AsyncImage(model = user.avatarUrl, contentDescription = "Avatar",
    modifier = Modifier.size(48.dp).clip(CircleShape))

@Composable
fun AppNavigation() {
    val navController = rememberNavController()
    NavHost(navController, startDestination = "users") {
        composable("users") {
            UserListScreen(onUserClick = { id ->
                navController.navigate("user/$id")
            })
        }
        composable("user/{userId}",
            arguments = listOf(navArgument("userId") { type = NavType.IntType })) {
            UserDetailScreen(it.arguments?.getInt("userId") ?: 0)
        }
    }
}

Theming

@Composable
fun MyAppTheme(darkTheme: Boolean = isSystemInDarkTheme(), content: @Composable () -> Unit) {
    MaterialTheme(
        colorScheme = if (darkTheme) darkColorScheme() else lightColorScheme(),
        typography = Typography,
        content = content
    )
}

Gotchas

  • remember survives recomposition but NOT config changes (rotation) - use rememberSaveable for important state
  • Modifier order matters: .padding(8.dp).background(Red) vs .background(Red).padding(8.dp) look different
  • Composables must be idempotent and free of side effects - use LaunchedEffect for side effects
  • LazyColumn items should have stable key for efficient diffing
  • Don't call ViewModel directly in composable body - side effects in LaunchedEffect or event handlers

See Also